壹(yi)、定義(yi)與(yu)規(gui)模(mo)

1、 Definition and scale

分(fen)布式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)通(tong)常是指在(zai)用(yong)戶(hu)端(duan)安裝(zhuang)的(de)小(xiao)型光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統，其(qi)發(fa)電量(liang)壹(yi)般在(zai)數(shu)千瓦數(shu)百千瓦之(zhi)間。這(zhe)些系(xi)統直接(jie)連(lian)接(jie)到(dao)配電(dian)網(wang)，並(bing)為(wei)用戶(hu)提(ti)供電力。相(xiang)比(bi)之下(xia)，集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)則是在(zai)大(da)型電站(zhan)中安裝(zhuang)的(de)大(da)型(xing)光(guang)伏(fu)陣(zhen)列(lie)，其(qi)發(fa)電量(liang)通(tong)常在(zai)數(shu)兆瓦(wa)數(shu)百兆瓦(wa)之(zhi)間。這(zhe)些電站通常通過高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路將(jiang)電力傳輸(shu)到遠方用(yong)戶(hu)。

Distributed photovoltaic power generation usually refers to small photovoltaic power generation systems installed at the user end, with a power generation capacity generally ranging from several kilowatts to several hundred kilowatts. These systems are directly connected to the distribution network and provide electricity to users. In contrast, centralized photovoltaic power generation refers to the installation of large photovoltaic arrays in large power plants, with power generation typically ranging from several megawatts to hundreds of megawatts. These power stations usually transmit electricity to remote users through high-voltage transmission lines.

二(er)、系(xi)統結(jie)構與(yu)運行方式(shi)

2、 System structure and operation mode

在(zai)系(xi)統結(jie)構上，分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統通常與(yu)配電(dian)網(wang)直(zhi)接(jie)相(xiang)連(lian)，形(xing)成(cheng)壹(yi)個並(bing)網系(xi)統。在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)系(xi)統中，配電(dian)網(wang)不(bu)僅(jin)傳輸(shu)電能，還為(wei)光(guang)伏(fu)系(xi)統提(ti)供必要(yao)的(de)支(zhi)撐(cheng)，以(yi)確(que)保(bao)系(xi)統的(de)穩(wen)定運行。而集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)則通過(guo)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路與(yu)大電(dian)網連(lian)接(jie)，其(qi)運(yun)行受到大電網(wang)的(de)調度(du)和(he)控制。

In terms of system structure, distributed photovoltaic power generation systems are usually directly connected to the distribution network, forming a grid connected system. In this system, the distribution network not only transmits electrical energy, but also provides necessary support for the photovoltaic system to ensure its stable operation. The centralized photovoltaic power station is connected to the power grid through high-voltage transmission lines, and its operation is subject to the scheduling and control of the power grid.

三、環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)與(yu)土地(di)利用

3、 Environmental Impact and Land Use

在(zai)環(huan)境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)方(fang)面(mian)，分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)通(tong)常對環境(jing)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)較小(xiao)。由於(yu)其(qi)規(gui)模(mo)較小(xiao)，對土地(di)和(he)水(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)需求(qiu)較低(di)，且在(zai)安裝(zhuang)過程中無(wu)需大規(gui)模(mo)的(de)土(tu)地(di)開(kai)發(fa)。然(ran)而，集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)由(you)於(yu)規(gui)模(mo)較大(da)，往(wang)往(wang)需要(yao)大(da)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)土(tu)地(di)開(kai)發(fa)，這(zhe)可(ke)能導致土(tu)地(di)資源(yuan)的(de)占(zhan)用(yong)和(he)生態環境(jing)的(de)變(bian)化。此(ci)外，集(ji)中式電站的(de)建(jian)設(she)還(hai)可(ke)能涉及(ji)水(shui)資源(yuan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)和(he)自(zi)然景(jing)觀(guan)的(de)改(gai)變(bian)。

In terms of environmental impact, distributed photovoltaic power generation usually has a relatively small impact on the environment. Due to its small scale, the demand for land and water resources is low, and there is no need for large-scale land development during the installation process. However, centralized photovoltaic power stations often require large-scale land development due to their large scale, which may lead to the occupation of land resources and changes in the ecological environment. In addition, the construction of centralized power stations may also involve the use of water resources and changes in natural landscapes.

四(si)、能源(yuan)利用與(yu)效(xiao)率

4、 Energy utilization and efficiency

在(zai)能源(yuan)利用和(he)效(xiao)率方面(mian)，分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)由(you)於(yu)靠(kao)近(jin)用(yong)戶(hu)，能夠(gou)更好(hao)地適應(ying)電(dian)力(li)需求(qiu)的(de)變(bian)化。同時，由(you)於(yu)其(qi)規(gui)模(mo)較小(xiao)，維(wei)護(hu)和(he)運營(ying)相(xiang)對簡(jian)單(dan)，能源(yuan)轉換(huan)效(xiao)率較高(gao)。而集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)由(you)於(yu)規(gui)模(mo)較大(da)，需要(yao)大(da)量的(de)電(dian)力(li)傳輸(shu)和轉換(huan)，可(ke)能會導致(zhi)能源(yuan)損失和效(xiao)率降低(di)。此(ci)外，集(ji)中式電站的(de)建(jian)設(she)和(he)維(wei)護(hu)成(cheng)本通常較高(gao)，需要(yao)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)投(tou)資才(cai)能實現(xian)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。

In terms of energy utilization and efficiency, distributed photovoltaic power generation can better adapt to changes in electricity demand due to its proximity to users. Meanwhile, due to its small scale, relatively simple maintenance and operation, and high energy conversion efficiency. However, centralized photovoltaic power stations, due to their large scale, require a large amount of power transmission and conversion, which may lead to energy loss and reduced efficiency. In addition, the construction and maintenance costs of centralized power stations are usually high, requiring large-scale investment to achieve economic benefits.

五、可(ke)擴(kuo)展性(xing)與(yu)靈(ling)活性

5、 Scalability and flexibility

在(zai)可(ke)擴(kuo)展性(xing)和(he)靈(ling)活性方(fang)面(mian)，分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)具有(you)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)優(you)勢(shi)。隨著(zhe)技(ji)術的(de)進步(bu)和成本的(de)降低(di)，分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)系(xi)統的(de)規(gui)模(mo)和(he)性能可(ke)以(yi)輕松(song)地(di)擴(kuo)展和(he)升(sheng)級。此(ci)外，由於(yu)其(qi)位於(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)端(duan)，可(ke)以(yi)靈(ling)活地滿足(zu)特定用戶(hu)的(de)能源(yuan)需求(qiu)和偏好(hao)。相(xiang)比(bi)之下(xia)，集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)建(jian)設(she)需要(yao)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)投(tou)資和(he)長時(shi)間的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)，其(qi)擴(kuo)展和(he)靈(ling)活性相(xiang)對較低(di)。

Distributed photovoltaic power generation has significant advantages in scalability and flexibility. With the advancement of technology and the reduction of costs, the scale and performance of distributed photovoltaic systems can be easily expanded and upgraded. In addition, due to its location on the user side, it can flexibly meet the energy needs and preferences of specific users. In contrast, the construction of centralized photovoltaic power stations requires large-scale investment and long-term planning, and their expansion and flexibility are relatively low.

六(liu)、經(jing)濟性與(yu)

6、 Economy and investment return

在(zai)經(jing)濟性方(fang)面(mian)，分布(bu)式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)通(tong)常具有(you)更高(gao)的(de)率。由於(yu)其(qi)規(gui)模(mo)較小(xiao)，建設和(he)運(yun)營(ying)成本較低(di)，且能夠(gou)快(kuai)速(su)回(hui)收投資。此(ci)外，由於(yu)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)系(xi)統可(ke)以(yi)為(wei)用戶(hu)提(ti)供電力供應(ying)保(bao)障(zhang)和收益，因(yin)此(ci)其(qi)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益更加(jia)明(ming)顯(xian)。而集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)建(jian)設(she)成(cheng)本較高(gao)，且需要(yao)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)資本投入(ru)和長(chang)時間的(de)運(yun)營(ying)才能實現(xian)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。

In terms of economy, distributed photovoltaic power generation usually has a higher investment return rate. Due to its small scale, low construction and operating costs, and ability to quickly recover investment. In addition, due to the fact that distributed photovoltaic systems can provide users with electricity supply guarantees and energy-saving benefits, their economic benefits are more significant. The construction cost of centralized photovoltaic power stations is relatively high, and large-scale capital investment and long-term operation are required to achieve economic benefits.